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John Nevil Maskelyne (22 December 183918 May 1917) was an English stage magician and inventor of the pay toilet, along with many other Victorian-era devices. Working with magicians George Alfred Cooke and David Devant, many of his illusions are still performed today. His book ''Sharps and Flats: A Complete Revelation of the Secrets of Cheating at Games of Chance and Skill'' is considered a classic overview of card sharp practices, and in 1914 he founded the Occult Committee, a group whose remit was to "investigate claims to supernatural power and to expose fraud". ==Biography== Maskelyne was born in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, England. He trained as a watchmaker but became interested in conjuring after watching a stage performance by the fraudulent spiritualists, the Davenport brothers. He saw how the Davenports' spirit cabinet illusion worked, and stated to the audience in the theatre that he could recreate their act using no supernatural methods. With the help of a friend, cabinet maker George Alfred Cooke, he built a version of the cabinet. Together, they revealed the Davenport Brothers' trickery to the public at a show in Cheltenham in June 1865. Inspired by the acclaim they received for their clever exposure of the deception, the two men decided to become professional magicians. At first they struggled to make ends meet but they were saved by a 27-year-old theatrical agent named William Morton, who saw their show in Liverpool and offered to finance a tour. Morton ended up being their manager for a total of 20 years. He helped them to become firmly established on the national stage — including such marathon theatrical engagements as their famous tenancy at the Egyptian Hall in Piccadilly from 1873 to 1904. In 1894, Maskelyne wrote the book ''Sharps and Flats: A Complete Revelation of the Secrets of Cheating at Games of Chance and Skill''. This book became an instant hit and to this day is considered to be a classic gambling book. What made this book so popular is the fact that it was the first detailed revelation of the secrets of the cardsharps. Other authors, prior to Maskelyne, had written about crooked gambling, but never before had anyone published a work with in-depth, detailed explanation of the secrets of crooked gambling. The first edition of ''Sharps and Flats'' was published in London and New York. Later, when the book entered the public domain, the Gambler's Book Club, from Las Vegas, published the first reprint edition. The book is now also available online in the form of a web site, with annotations. In his lifetime, Maskelyne authored several books, but ''Sharps and Flats'' is by far his most important literary work and without any doubts the best known of his books. Maskelyne and Cooke invented many illusions still performed today. Maskelyne was adept at working out the principles of illusions, one of his best-known being levitation. Levitation is commonly, but incorrectly, said to be Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin's illusion, but it was Maskelyne who invented it. The confusion arises because Robert-Houdin invented the illusion "La Suspension Ethéréenne" (aka the "Broom Suspension").〔(【引用サイトリンク】Brief Biographies of Magic Inventors – page Q-R-S )〕 Levitation is also credited to American magician Harry Kellar, who in fact stole the illusion by bribing Maskelyne's technician, Paul Valadon.〔 Upon Cooke's death in February 1905, Maskelyne started a partnership with David Devant. Devant had first joined Maskelyne's team in 1893, when he auditioned as a replacement for Charles Morritt, a conjurer and inventor who had worked with Maskelyne at the Egyptian Hall but who left to set up his own show. Maskelyne was a member of The Magic Circle and, like Harry Houdini, tried to dispel the notion of supernatural powers. To this end, in 1914, Maskelyne founded the Occult Committee whose remit was to "investigate claims to supernatural power and to expose fraud". In particular, the committee attempted to prove that the Indian rope trick has never been performed.〔 The spiritualist Alfred Russel Wallace was unable to accept that Maskelyne had replicated the feats of medium utilizing natural methods, and stated that Maskelyne possessed supernatural powers.〔Brandon, Ruth (1993). ''The Life and Many Deaths of Harry Houdini''. Secker & Warburg. p. 230. ISBN 0-436-20060-0〕〔Byrne, Georgina (2010). ''Modern Spiritualism and the Church of England, 1850-1939''. The Boybell Press. pp. 28-29. ISBN 978-1-84383-589-9〕 Maskelyne's observations of trickery at the Cambridge séance sittings in 1895 were important for the exposure of the medium Eusapia Palladino.〔Brandon, Ruth (1983). ''The Spiritualists: The Passion for the Occult in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries''. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 138. ISBN 0-297-78249-5〕 The writings of Maskelyne on Spiritualism and Theosophy were included in the book ''The Supernatural?'' (1891) with the psychiatrist Lionel Weatherly (1852–1940). It was an early text in the field of anomalistic psychology and offered rational explanations for occult and Spiritualistic practices, paranormal phenomena and religious experiences.〔Lionel Weatherly, John Nevil Maskelyne. (2011). ''The Supernatural? (Cambridge Library Collection – Spiritualism and Esoteric Knowledge)''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1108029193〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「John Nevil Maskelyne」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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